Ce mois-ci, nous ne mettons ici en valeur que des publications externes : nous menons de front de multiples travaux, qui devraient aboutir bientôt — à commencer par notre rendez-vous annuel Le Bien-Être en France ! Rendez-vous donc dans quelques semaines.
Solitude
Solitudes 2023 — Re-liés par les lieux
Cette nouvelle édition du baromètre des Solitudes réalisé pour la Fondation de France présente, comme chaque année, les chiffres-clé relatifs au sentiment de solitude et à l’isolement en France. Cette année, l’enquête interroge les rapports entre les lieux et l’isolement relationnel. En parallèle de l’enquête statistique réalisée par le Crédoc, une enquête ethnographique a été réalisée par une équipe de trois chercheurs auprès de personnes isolées et d’acteurs de terrain (professionnels et bénévoles d’associations).
Berhuet, S., Hoibian, S., Riffaut, H., Dessajan, S., Saurier, D., & Ponton, C. (2024). Solitudes 2023—Re-liés par les lieux—Rapport (Sou2024-4919; Sourcing Crédoc, p. 56). Crédoc, Cerlis, Fondation de France et Audencia. https://www.credoc.fr/publications/solitudes-2023-re-lies-par-les-lieux-rapport
Bien-être des enfants
Comment vont les enfants ?
Chapeau : Dès avant le Covid, pédopsychiatres et enseignants alertaient sur l’état de la santé mentale des enfants. Mal-être, troubles du comportement ou des apprentissages, et difficultés d’accès à des prises en charge adaptées : ces observations partagées manquaient cependant de données probantes. Publiée à l’été 2023, l’Étude nationale sur le bien-être des enfants (Enabee) a dressé un panorama inédit en France de la santé mentale des 3-11 ans. Conduite de la maternelle au CM2, auprès de plus de 15 000 enfants, 15 000 enseignants et 10 000 parents, elle a montré que 13 % des enfants de 6-11 ans présentent un trouble probable de la santé mentale. Richard Delorme, responsable du service de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent de l’hôpital Robert Debré, est membre du comité scientifique de cette étude : il en expose ici les enseignements et explore les défis auxquels l’action publique doit répondre.
Delorme, R. (2024, février 27). Comment vont les enfants ? La Grande Conversation. https://www.lagrandeconversation.com/societe/comment-vont-les-enfants/
Sur le web
Proximité à la nature — une source de bien-être
Résumé : L’artificialisation des sols, en lien avec l’étalement urbain, est aujourd’hui l’une des causes premières du changement climatique et d’érosion de la biodiversité. La France s’est fixée en 2021 l’objectif de « Zéro artificialisation nette » (ZAN) à partir de 2050. Concrètement les territoires – communes, départements, régions – doivent réduire de 50 % leur rythme de consommation des espaces naturels, agricoles et forestiers d’ici 2030. À l’impératif écologique s’ajoute la nécessité d’offrir un cadre de vie agréable aux habitants, souvent associé à la présence d’espaces naturels. Deux objectifs pas toujours simples pour les élus locaux qui doivent aussi répondre aux besoins des habitants en termes de logements et d’infrastructures, développer l’attractivité économique de leurs territoires et attirer des entreprises. Des dynamiques qui se sont, pendant ces trente dernières années, souvent accompagnées d’une artificialisation des sols. Au niveau des territoires, de nouvelles voies d’aménagement du territoire se développent aujourd’hui pour tenter de répondre à ces objectifs sans élargir les surfaces urbanisées : création de dynamiques d’acteurs inédites, travail au niveau de l’établissement public de coopération intercommunal plutôt que de la commune, restauration des continuités écologiques, réhabilitation des friches… L’étude du CREDOC, en rapprochant les données géographiques sur l’artificialisation des sols, des perceptions de la population française sur leur qualité de vie, confirme le dilemme pressenti par les élus. D’un côté, le maintien d’espaces faiblement artificialisés a bien un impact positif sur le bien-être de la population, et la satisfaction à l’égard du cadre de vie. De l’autre, les espaces fortement artificialisés offrent aujourd’hui un accès facilité à des biens et des services nombreux et diversifiés et à des bassins d’emploi ; un dynamisme économique allant de pair avec une moindre précarité des répondants.
Hoibian, S., Brice-Mansencal, L., & Forcadell, E. (2024). Proximité à la nature—Une source de bien-être (Sou2024-4909; Sourcing Crédoc, p. 15). Crédoc et Caisse des Dépôts – Institut pour la recherche. https://www.credoc.fr/publications/proximite-a-la-nature-une-source-de-bien-etre
Baromètre de la jeunesse – Travail – 2023
Résumé : Quelles sont les attentes et les aspirations des jeunes vis-à-vis de leur travail en 2023 ? Se distinguentelles de celles de leurs aînés ? Quel regard portent les jeunes actifs sur leur emploi actuel ? Comment se projettent-ils dans leur future carrière ? Pour apporter un éclairage sur ces questions d’actualité, mais aussi pour éprouver l’exactitude de certaines idées répandues sur le rapport des jeunes au travail et à l’emploi, l’édition 2023 du baromètre DJEPVA sur la jeunesse a dédié l’un des modules de son questionnaire à ce sujet. Cette enquête – portée par l’INJEP depuis 2016 et réalisée annuellement par le Centre de recherche pour l’étude et l’observation des conditions de vie (CREDOC) – a interrogé, en ligne, environ 4 500 jeunes âgés de 15 à 30 ans et environ 1 000 personnes âgées de 31 ans et plus résidant en France, entre avril et mai 2023. La taille relativement importante de l’échantillon permet d’approfondir les connaissances sur ce sujet, et de comparer le point de vue de l’ensemble des jeunes à celui des plus âgés. Précisons que les premiers résultats du baromètre 2023 ont déjà été publiés en septembre concernant l’état d’esprit des jeunes, leur satisfaction à l’égard de la vie, leur confiance ou inquiétude face à l’avenir ainsi que sur leur engagement citoyen. Ainsi, selon le baromètre DJEPVA sur la jeunesse 2023, les jeunes ont globalement un rapport au travail et à l’emploi qui n’est pas très différent de celui des plus âgés. Les différences entre générations, bien réelles sur certains points, apparaissent cependant relativement peu importantes au regard de celles observées à partir des caractéristiques sociodémographiques des enquêtés (genre, situation d’activité, catégorie socioprofessionnelle…).
Ponton, C., Saumon, R., Millot, C., & Hoibian, S. (2024). Baromètre de la jeunesse—Travail—2023 (Sou2024-4916; Sourcing Crédoc, p. 54). Crédoc et INJEP. https://www.credoc.fr/publications/barometre-de-la-jeunesse-travail-2023
Wellbeing, Expectations and Unemployment in Europe
Abstract: We find expectations are more sensitive to economic growth than traditional wellbeing metrics. We examine Eurobarometer micro data from 1973-2023 on movements in life satisfaction along with data from 1995-2022 on five expectations variables on and individual’s life and their financial and job situations plus their views on the economic and employment situation of their country in the year ahead. These expectations start to decline several months before the onset of downturns with especially large drops for the Great Recession and Covid. Annual GDP growth is positively associated with these expectations variables while it is uncorrelated with life satisfaction. The unemployment rate and the CPI reduce both. We analyze data for 29 European countries to predict changes in the unemployment rate 12 months ahead using individuals’ fears of unemployment in the presence of country and year fixed effects and lagged unemployment. We also use firms’ expectations of future employment, which are also predictive of what happens to unemployment three months later. Using our preferred model specification, we present out-of-sample predictions that track actual movements in unemployment rates closely over a period in which there were two major recessions and unemployment shifted by a factor of two.
Blanchflower, David and Bryson, Alex, (2023), Wellbeing, Expectations and Unemployment in Europe, No 32006, NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Keeping Up with the Jansens: Causal Peer Effects on Household Spending, Beliefs and Happiness
Abstract: How strong are peer effects on the beliefs and spending decisions of individuals? We use a randomized control study in which treated households are told about either average income or debt of individuals like them to assess how peer effects influence their beliefs and spending. The information treatments are successful at moving respondents’ beliefs about peers’ incomes and debt levels. We find that individuals with exogenously higher perceived relative income become more opposed to redistribution and increase the amount of time they spend socializing with peers. In addition, we find some evidence of reallocative “keeping up with the Joneses” on spending, as those who learn their peers earn more than they thought tend to reallocate their spending toward durable goods and away from non-durables. However, the quantitative magnitude of peer effects on spending is small in the months following the information experiment. Peer effects also matter for labor supply decisions and ex-post employment outcomes. Finally, believing that one earns more than peers causally leads to large positive effects on happiness, above and beyond effects coming from spending more time with peers, changing beliefs about redistribution, or changes in spending patterns.
van Rooij, M., Coibion, O., Georgarakos, D., Candia, B., & Gorodnichenko, Y. (2024). Keeping Up with the Jansens : Causal Peer Effects on Household Spending, Beliefs and Happiness (Working Paper 32107). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w32107 (ungated)
Why is Intelligence not Making You Happier?
Abstract: This study examines the association between cognitive ability and happiness and presents three main findings using a nationally representative sample from China. First, there is only a tiny and insignificant correlation between cognitive ability and happiness. Second, cognitive ability is not associated with greater expectations of worldly success or disregarding real life. Third, people with higher cognitive ability have advantages regarding objective physical and mental health, income level, and social status. Still, they tend to underestimate their relative socioeconomic position and have less confidence about their future, which inhibits their subjective well-being. This study contributes to understanding the new human capital theory and explores the underlying causes of perceptual bias in socioeconomic status.
Ma, B., Chen, L. Why is Intelligence not Making You Happier?. J Happiness Stud 25, 14 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00722-1
Subjective well-being and chronic illnesses: A combined survey and register study
Abstract: Populations are ageing, and higher proportions live with chronic illnesses. Understanding the association between health and well-being and being able to predict who may experience the largest detriment in well-being is essential if societies are to maintain high levels of social welfare. Our study places itself in the limited literature examining the association between chronic illness and subjective well-being (SWB). We offer a unique contribution to the literature by studying different domains of SWB and by investigating variation in SWB. A cross-sectional survey of a representative group of Danish citizens aged 50-80 is linked with national register data containing comprehensive information on health and social issues. We identify six common chronic illnesses. In addition to general life satisfaction, we also measure SWB in seven domains of life, including health, using the Personal Wellbeing Index. Health state is measured by EQ-5D-5L. We use OLS and adjust for socio-demographics, lifestyle, personal skills, preferences, and personality traits. In a range of heterogeneity analyses we explore the role of 22 personal characteristics as predictive factors of SWB when being chronically ill. We also examine two possible sources of variation in SWB. We find robust evidence of negative associations between chronic illness and older individuals’ SWB beyond the health domain. When ascertaining the influence of personal characteristics, we find that some factors predict vulnerability. Interestingly, heterogeneity in SWB across personal characteristics stem from differential health state and in some cases from differences in the association between SWB and health.
Aaskoven, M. S., Kjær, T., & Gyrd-Hansen, D. (2024). Subjective well-being and chronic illnesses : A combined survey and register study. International Journal of Wellbeing, 14(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v14i1.2443
Where Does Money Matter More?
Abstract: There is much still to learn about the relationship between income and well-being, and in particular how this may depend on the economic and social context. We use Russian data to estimate individual Welfare Functions of Income, and examine two potentially context-dependent concepts: self-assessed income needs and welfare sensitivity to income (how well-being changes with income). The considerable geographical diversity in Russia provides within-country variation in GDP, inequality, population density, and unemployment. We first show that income needs exceed actual income on average in Russia, and that these needs are less sensitive to changes in income than in other countries. Second, income needs vary by individual characteristics, while welfare sensitivity does not. Welfare sensitivity is however related to the regional context. Last, our estimated contextual results help us to understand why the existing literature has produced such a wide range of results.
Gudrun Svavarsdottir, Andrew E. Clark, Gunnar Stefansson, Tinna Laufey Asgeirsdottir. Where Does Money Matter More?. 2024. ⟨halshs-04431857⟩
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Abstract: Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.
Madalina Vlasceanu et al., Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries.Sci. Adv.10,eadj5778(2024).DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adj5778
Teacher Victimization by Students, Their Parents, and School Staff: Prevalence and Links with Teachers’ Life Satisfaction in a Lithuanian Sample
Abstract: The links between different forms of teacher victimization and teachers’ life satisfaction are still under-researched. To highlight teacher victimization by various parties within the school environment and its associations with teachers’ life satisfaction, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Multidimensional Teacher Victimization Scale, and some additional measures were applied. The findings based on a Lithuanian sample (n = 1146) revealed that a significant portion of teachers have experienced victimization in various forms: 38.5% of teachers have been bullied by school staff, 33.9% have faced verbal victimization from students’ parents, and victimization by students affected 65.8% of teachers, with verbal and social victimization being the most common. An SEM analysis (χ2 = 355.787; Df = 33; CFI = 0.928; TLI = 0.902; NFI = 0.922; RMSEA = 0.092 [0.084–0.101]; SRMR = 0.0432) revealed that bullying by staff is not only detrimental in its own right but also relates positively to other forms of victimization, including verbal victimization by parents and multidimensional victimization by students, as teacher victimization by students and their parents mediated the relationship between teacher victimization by school staff and teacher life satisfaction. The findings suggest a complex problem within the school environment where different forms of victimization are interconnected and call for urgent attention and action from educational policymakers and school administrators to address and mitigate teacher victimization.
Dirzyte A, Indrašienė V, Jegelevičienė V, Merfeldaitė O, Prakapas R, Railienė A, Gušauskienė M. Teacher Victimization by Students, Their Parents, and School Staff: Prevalence and Links with Teachers’ Life Satisfaction in a Lithuanian Sample. Education Sciences. 2024; 14(2):163. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14020163
Des stéréotypes de genre encore très ancrés, notamment chez les hommes
Résumé : La Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (DREES) publie une étude concernant l’opinion des personnes résidant en France métropolitaine sur les stéréotypes de genre. Cette étude révèle que la majorité des Français rejette les stéréotypes de genre pris dans leur ensemble. Les représentations stéréotypées liées au soin apporté aux autres sont celles qui rencontrent le plus d’adhésion. De manière générale, l’adhésion aux stéréotypes de genre est plus marquée parmi les hommes, les plus âgés, les immigrés et les personnes ayant une pratique religieuse. À l’inverse, les femmes et les personnes diplômées du supérieur sont surreprésentées parmi les personnes qui les rejettent. L’étude confirme aussi l’inégale répartition des tâches domestiques au sein des couples, d’autant plus marquée qu’il y a adhésion aux stéréotypes de genre.
De Champs, C., & Pirus, C. (2024). Des stéréotypes de genre encore très ancrés, notamment chez les hommes (1294; Études et résultats, p. 8). DREES. https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/publications-communique-de-presse/etudes-et-resultats/des-stereotypes-de-genre-encore-tres-ancres
Better to Grow Up Poor in a Richer Place? Social Housing, Neighbourhood Comparisons, and English Teenagers’ Well-Being
Abstract: How does being comparatively socio-economically disadvantaged within their neighbourhood affect the lived experiences of young teenagers? We explore this question on a sample of 13 to 15-year-old teenagers living in social housing in England. We explore three major domains of young teenagers’ well-being: (a) their sense of generally leading a bad life, (b) conflictual family interactions, and (c) unhappy social interactions with their peers. We find that living in a social housing estate within a less deprived neighbourhood does not negatively affect teenagers’ general sense of leading a bad life and does not increase conflictual family interactions. But it does make them less likely to report unhappy social interactions with their peers, indicating a positive effect of social mixing at the neighbourhood level.
Bezzo, F.B., Vanhuysse, P. Better to Grow Up Poor in a Richer Place? Social Housing, Neighbourhood Comparisons, and English Teenagers’ Well-Being. J Happiness Stud 25, 28 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00740-z
Does Being Globalized Matter for Happiness in African Countries?
Abstract: Nowadays globalization seems to be an irresistible phenomenon that affects all countries around the world, including developed and developing countries. In that context, the purpose of this paper is to check whether increasing globalization level spreads happiness in Africa. We employ a dynamic panel data model on 34 African countries over the period 2006–2019 to assess the effect of globalization on happiness. We used the two-step system generalized method of moments estimator to control for potential endogeneity of regressors and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that globalization is positively associated with happiness. Among the sub-indexes of globalization, economic and political globalization enhance happiness while social globalization worsens happiness. In addition, the effects of globalization on happiness are sensitive to the level of human development, democratization and natural resource wealth. Specifically, the positive effect of globalization turns out to be more robust in democratic and non-oil producing countries than in autocratic and oil-producing countries. Similarly, the effects of globalization are positive in high-human development countries while these effects remain negative in low-human development countries. Furthermore, the results also show that unemployment and inflation are the channels through which economic globalization positively affects happiness.
Stéphane, M.N., Noumba, I. Does Being Globalized Matter for Happiness in African Countries?. J Happiness Stud 25, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00738-7
Public services, environmental quality and subjective well-being in a European city: the case of Strasbourg metropolitan area
Abstract:
Purpose: This paper analyzes individual subjective well-being using a survey database from the Strasbourg metropolitan development council (France). The authors focus on the effects of externalities generated by public services (transport, culture and sport), environmental quality and feeling of security in the Strasbourg metropolitan area (Eurométropole de Strasbourg, EMS). Results show that EMS specificities (public facilities, environmental quality, safety and security) and individual features like opportunities to laugh or live with children significantly influence individual well-being. These findings are robust when using three subjective measures: feeling of well-being, environmental satisfaction and social life satisfaction. The authors also show that income may affect the perceived well-being of individuals belonging to a low-income group, while individuals belonging to a high-income group tend to be unsatisfied with environmental quality but satisfied with their social life. Besides, social comparison in terms of income does not matter for individual well-being in the Strasbourg metropolitan area.
Findings: Specificities of the Strasbourg metropolitan area-France (public services related to transport, culture and sport, environmental quality perceived as convenient for individual health, sense of security) significantly impact individual subjective well-being. Income does not substantially impact the individual subjective perception of happiness: income may matter for the feeling of well-being only for individuals belonging to a low-income group. Wealthy individuals tend to be unsatisfied with environmental quality but satisfied with their social life. Social comparison in terms of income does not matter for individual well-being in the Strasbourg metropolitan area.
Research limitations/implications: Cross-sectional data, but it is the only available database from a survey conducted by EMS in 2017 to collect information on potential elements relative to individual well-being in the Strasbourg metropolitan area.
Practical implications: Results shed light on the role of territorial policies in improving individual well-being and might provide some guidelines for policy-makers concerned about the population’s welfare. Policy-makers should give strong attention to public facilities (an essential element of local public action) and improve environmental quality. If they care about the population’s happiness, they have to reorient current policies in this direction. Of course, through the inquiry in 2017 giving this database, the Strasbourg agglomeration development council aimed to provide such evidence to the local administration. Nevertheless, the results were a bit upsetting for many people in the administrative and political circles, who generally prioritize economic and demographic development, while the citizens’ responses to the inquiry have revealed a strong focus on the quality of everyday life in their neighborhood. Originality/value The present study contributes to the literature on subjective well-being, with a focus on the role of local characteristics and living environment. The authors’ starting point is related to the standard utility theory, indicating that environmental quality and public services are positive externalities. The authors investigate whether the local living environment and public facilities are crucial elements explaining individual well-being. To do this, we consider three subjective measures: feeling of well-being, environmental satisfaction and social life satisfaction, which are used as proxies of individual utility. The authors consider different explicative variables representing specificities of EMS in terms of public services (transport, culture and sport), environmental quality perceived as convenient for individual health, safety and security, etc. The authors also provide a test for relative standing by including the median monthly household income at the municipality level.
Heraud, Jean-Alain, Nguyen-Van, Phu and Pham, Thi Kim Cuong, (2023), Public services, environmental quality and subjective well-being in a European city: the case of Strasbourg metropolitan area, Post-Print, HAL.